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Skat (card game)
Skat ((:ˈskaːt)) is a 3-player trick-taking card game devised in early 19th-century Germany. Along with Doppelkopf it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia.
== History ==
Skat was developed by the members of the Brommesche Tarok-Gesellschaft〔Michael Dummett, Sylvia Mann, ''The game of Tarot: from Ferrara to Salt Lake City'', p. 487, United States Games Systems (1980), ISBN 0-7156-1014-7〕 between 1810 and 1817 in Altenburg,〔Konrad Reuter, ''Sixteen states, one country: the political structure of the Federal Republic of Germany'', p. 47, Inter Nationes (1991)〕 in what is now the Federated State of Thuringia, Germany, based on the three-player game of Tarock, also known as Tarot, and the four-player game of Schafkopf (the American equivalent being Sheepshead).〔David Parlett, ''Oxford Dictionary of Card Games'', p. 254, Oxford University Press (1996), ISBN 0-19-869173-4〕 It has become the most loved and widely played German card game, especially in German-speaking regions.〔International Skat Order, International Skat Players Assoc., Rev. 15APR2007〕 In the earliest known form of the game, the player in the first seat was dealt twelve cards and the other two players ten each. He then made two discards, constituting the ''Skat'', and announced a contract.〔David Parlett, ''Teach Yourself Card Games'', p. 191, McGraw-Hill (2003), ISBN 0-07-141974-8〕 But the main innovation of this new game was that of the bidding process.
The first book on the rules of Skat was published in 1848 by a secondary school teacher J. F. L. Hempel.〔R. F. Foster, (''Foster's Skat Manual'' ), pp. 7, 8, 162, Averill Press (2008), ISBN 1-4437-2151-4〕 Nevertheless, the rules continued to differ from one region to another until the first attempt to set them in order was made by a congress of Skat players on 7 August 1886 in Altenburg. These were the first official rules finally published in a book form in 1888 by Theodor Thomas of Leipzig.〔 The current rules, followed by both the ISPA and the German Skat Federation, date from Jan. 1, 1999.〔Encyclopaedia Britannica () Skat〕
The word Skat is a Tarok term〔Robert MacHenry, Philip W. Goetz, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', vol. 1-30 p. 252, Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Ltd. (1983), ISBN 0-85229-400-X〕 derived from the Italian word ''scarto, scartare'', which means to discard or reject, and its derivative ''scatola'', a box or a place for safe-keeping.〔Robert Frederick Foster, ''Foster's complete Hoyle: an encyclopedia of all the indoor games'', p. 378, (1897)〕 The word scarto is still used in some other Italian card games to this day, and in some German works the word is found spelled ''scat''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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